Cheatsheet

Mounting E01 Images

  1. Install ewf-tools which contains ewfmount.
  2. Mount the E01 image. This mounts it as a raw file.
# ewfmount /srv/public/E01Capture/E01Capture.E01 /mnt/ewf
# or for multiple E01 files
# ewfmount /srv/public/E01Capture/E01Capture.E* /mnt/ewf
  1. Then use mmls from the sleuthkit package to analyze the raw image and find out where the partition offsets are. Note, in this case partition offset is (512*2048=1048756).
# mmls /mnt/ewf/ewf1
DOS Partition Table
Offset Sector: 0
Units are in 512-byte sectors

         Slot    Start        End          Length       Description
00:  Meta    0000000000   0000000000   0000000001   Primary Table (#0)
01:  -----   0000000000   0000002047   0000002048   Unallocated
02:  00:00   0000002048   0007890943   0007888896   NTFS (0x07)
03:  -----   0007890944   0007892991   0000002048   Unallocated
  1. Mount the filesystem using regular mount:
# mount -t ext4 -o ro,loop,offset=1048576 /mnt/ewf/ewf1 /mnt/usb
# or for ntfs
# mount -t ntfs-3g -o ro,nodev,noexec,show_sys_files,loop,offset=1048576 /mnt/ewf/ewf1 /mnt/usb

Mounting ISO9660

  1. Install fuseiso9660. Somehow, the following does not work:
# mount -t iso9660 -o loop test.iso /mnt/loop
  1. Mount the disk image:
# fuseiso9660 ~/Downloads/BarracudaLP-ALL-CC35.iso /mnt/loop

Setting HPA

Use hdparm with the -N option to find out the maximum number of visible sectors:

# hdparm -N /dev/sde

/dev/sde:
 max sectors   = 64000/976773168, HPA is enabled

Then, to disable the HPA set it to the max visisble sectors:

# hdparm --yes-i-know-what-i-am-doing -N p976773168 /dev/sde

/dev/sde:
 setting max visible sectors to 976773168 (permanent)
  max sectors   = 976773168/976773168, HPA is disabled

Setting DCO

To identify DCO on disk:

# hdparm --dco-identify /dev/sdb

To erase DCO on disk:

# hdparm --yes-i-know-what-i-am-doing --dco-restore /dev/sdb

Cloning Partition Table

Use sfdisk, this is part of the util-linux package. In debian, it is found in /usr/sbin/sfdisk.

For GPT based disks, use gdisk.

  1. Copy the partition table from the source disk:
# sfdisk -d /dev/sda > mbr
  1. Restore the partition table on destination disk:
# sfdisk /dev/sdb < mbr

Inspecting Process Syscalls Using sysdig

Use sysdig to get detailed information about process system calls. To install sysdig on a debian based system if the package is not available in the repos:

$ curl -s https://s3.amazonaws.com/download.draios.com/stable/install-sysdig | sudo bash

For example, to see what calls are being made by iceweasel do the following:

$ sudo sysdig proc.name=iceweasel
10903 11:19:00.961549300 0 iceweasel (17398) > poll fds=5:e1 4:u1 8:p3 10:u1 22:p1 24:u1 3:f0 timeout=4294967295
10908 11:19:00.961558641 0 iceweasel (17398) > switch next=0 pgft_maj=611 pgft_min=148114721 vm_size=2665740 vm_rss=1377504 vm_swap=0

For a specific process id:

$ sudo sysdig thread.tid=922
2543694 12:16:34.481253335 0 ongserver (922) > write fd=0(<u>) size=2069216
2543695 12:16:34.481409710 0 ongserver (922) > switch next=910(pic-host) pgft_maj=0 pgft_min=22625 vm_size=335844 vm_rss=73700 vm_swap=0

The format of the output is quite similar to tcpdump. The output is as follows:

<evt.num> <evt.time> <evt.cpu> <proc.name> <thread.tid> <evt.dir> <evt.type> <evt.args>

where:

· evt.num is the incremental event number
· evt.time is the event timestamp
· evt.cpu is the CPU number where the event was captured
· proc.name is the name of the process that generated the event
· thread.tid id the TID that generated the event, which corresponds to the PID for single thread processes
· evt.dir is the event direction, > for enter events and < for exit events
· evt.type is the name of the event, e.g.  'open' or 'read'
· evt.args is the list of event arguments.

You can also pass the -w <capture> to capture the trace to a file and read it back using filters or chisels with -r <capture>.

Can also list available chilses with -cl and use i <chisel> to get info on chisel. Then use -c chisel with -r <trace> to filter out capture.

References

  1. Sysdig + Logs: Advanced Log Analysis Made Easy
  2. Sysdig for ps, lsof, netstat + time travel
  3. Hiding Linux Processes For Fun And Profit

Check for problematic I/Os

Use iostat to see current read/write rates:

$ sudo iostat -d 1
Linux 3.16-2-amd64 (amit-debian)        10/02/2014      _x86_64_ (8 CPU)

Device:            tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read kB_wrtn
sda               5.31        48.49        95.74    8472327 16726100

Device:            tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read kB_wrtn
sda               0.00         0.00         0.00          0 0

-d is to show disk stats and 1 is to query every second.

To see I/Os and its respective processes with CPU usage, use iotop.

$ sudo iotop
Total DISK READ :       0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE :       7.64 K/s
Actual DISK READ:       0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE:      42.03 K/s
  TID  PRIO  USER     DISK READ  DISK WRITE  SWAPIN     IO> COMMAND
    168 be/3 root        0.00 B/s    7.64 K/s  0.00 %  2.80 % [jbd2/sda5-8]
    28565 be/4 root      0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  0.00 %  0.27 % [kworker/1:5]
    26449 be/4 root      0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  0.00 %  0.21 % [kworker/1:2]
    ...

-o shows only processes that are active and -a shows accumulated data read/written.

Tracing SUID Programs

You can use strace to trace SUID programs. Note that by default SUID programs can’t be debugged or traced by ordinary users because this would allow tracing user to excute code as a different user (with privileges as user executing SUID program).

Thus, SUID programs can be executed without SUID bit and then traced. However, this is not ideal because you don’t really want to change the program behavior by removing SUID bit.

You can also run strace as root. This will then run the program you are tracing as root which might be dangerous. Another way is to temporary set SUID root for strace. This also runs program as root.

Note that strace calls ptrace internally and affects program performance. Can use ltrace to just trace library calls.